GV1447 
.C44 



Vol. I, No. 1. 
Issued monthly. 



JULY, 1895. 



$1.20 Per Year. 
Price, 10 Cents. 




THE 



GAA\E OF CHESS. 



DESIGNED EXCLUSIVEiy FDD NOVICES IN CHESS, 



. / BY 




ILL USTRA TED B V DIA GRAMS EXP LAN A TOR Y . 

OF THE MOVES OF THE PIECES; WITH / 
SELECTED PROBLEMS AND GAMES, 
RULES OF CHESS, TECHNICAL 
TERMS OF THE GAME, Etc. 



PUBLISHED BY THE 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING CO., 

241 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, 
Copyright, 1895, by American Sports Publishing Co. 



This work is written exclusively for novices in chess, and it 
treats chiefly of the rudiments of the game ; the design of the 
writer being to make plain to the young chess student every one 
of the playing rules of chess. After learning the moves of the 
pieces, and becoming familiar with the primary rules of play, 
it will be then timely to begin the study af chess books giving 
elaborate instructions in the more intricate points of play, with 
a view of becoming an expert in the science of the game. Then 
will such complete and standard works on chess come into play 
as Staunton's Chess Praxis,^' Steinitz's '■^Modern Chess In- 
structor^'*^ Cook's "'Synopsis of Chess Ope7'zing,^^QiQ, The second 
book on Chess, of the series, will include the various openings, 
with games and problems by the great masters, 

The editor is not only a well-known writer of handbooks of 
various sports and pastimes, but he has been prominent in 
metropolitan chess for a quarter of a century past, and a mem- 
ber of nearly all of the various Brooklyn chess clubs since the 
Morphy period, he being an honorary member of the existing 
Brooklyn Chess Club. 

This work forms a fitting addition to our extensive and in- 
creasing series of handbooks of the outdoor and indoor games 
and sports of the period. 

American Sports Publishing Company, 



A GLANCE INTO THE ORIGIN OF CHESS. 



The study of the origin of chess is very interesting, and 
almost as full of problems, too, as the game proper. To-day, 
even after years of patient research, there is disagreement often, 
if not actual doubt, among profound scholars regarding the be- 
ginning of its existence. 

What wonder that this should be so I Look at the list of 
races to which the invention of this famous pastime is ascribed, 
among which are specially noted, the Greeks, Romans, Baby- 
lonians, Egyptians, Jews, Persians, Chinese, Hindoos, Ara- 
bians, Castilians, Irish and Welsh. Then, as if to further con- 
fuse the student who wishes to trace the game back to its very 
foundation, there have arisen people who have tried to fix its 
origin upon an individual rather than a nation, as, for instance, 
upon Japhet, Shem, King Solomon, the wife of Ravan, King 
of Ceylon; Xerxes, the philosopher ; the Grecian prince, Pala- 
medes ; Hermes, Aristotle, Semiramis, Attalas, who dfed about 
200 B. C. ; Zenobia; the mandarin, Hansing; the Brahman Sissa; 
and finally, Shatrenscha, a renowned Persian astronomer. 

Among these many and varied claimants for the honor of 
having invented the game, the Hindoos seem, certainly, to 
possess the strongest title to that right. 

In Hindostan the game is called Chaturanga — that is, chattir^ 
four ; anguTy member, or compound part of an army, which, 
according to the Amarakosha,'* means the elephants, horses, 
chariots and foot soldiers, the name thus given signifying, of 
course, its character. 

It may be mentioned, in passing, that the term chatu- 
ranga " is often used, as applicable to real armies, by the epic 
poets of India. 

Van der Linde, who has written a most exhaustive and very 
learned work on the subject entitled, ** Geschichte und Litter- 
atw des SchachspieV (History and Literature of Chess), is in- 
clined to treat most of the theories regarding the origin of the 
game as so many myths, but agrees to the fact, which, on the 
whole, seems indisputable, that it started in Hindostan, and 
was received by the Persians from that race. 

There is no proof of its actual antiquity, claimed by some to 
date back prior to the Christian era, and by others to a remote 
period in the first centuries. The earliest authority thus far 



4 



CHESS. 



traced is Massandi, an Arabic, about 950 A. D., and be states 
that Shatranji had existed long before his time. Just how long 
he does not say, and imagination runs riot trying to fix upon a 
period which will agree with some one of the various theories 
propounded. That the game, under one name and another, has 
existed for a thousand years, at least, seems, however, to be be- 
yond question. 

Summing up, therefore, the varied, and, more or less, elabo- 
rate accounts and traditions about the game, it is safe to con- 
clude that chess was played in India before its existence was 
known elsewhere, and hence, it must be assumed, originated 
there. 

Indeed^ according to the eminent authority already cited. Van 
der Linde, the pastime started among the Buddhists, whose 
religion prevailed in India from the third to the ninth century, 
which fact would further confirm the statement of the Arabic, 
and settle, to our mind, as far as possible, its origin. 

The acceptance of this theory, of course, puts aside, once ior 
all, the Chinese tradition, which is interesting enough, how- 
ever, to bear repeating here. It is claimed by not a few of the 
seekers into antiquity, that chess was first introduced among 
his troops during the invasion of the Shensi country by the 
mandarin Hansing, about 1^4 B. C. Just what the aptitude of 
the Chinese soldiery was for this learned game history does not 
relate ; but their intelligence must have exceeded that of the 
average modern private, if they conquered its intricacies in a 
winter's siege. The name by which it was and is known in China 
is Choke-choo-hong ki, which, literally translated, means, TAe 
play f the science f war. 

To return from this little digression. From India the game 
passed into Persia, where it became known as Shatranji, a word 
foreign to the Persians and Arabians, it may be incidentally 
added, and which, according to Oriental scholars, was derived 
from the Hindoo term, chaturanga. 

The Arabians in turn received it from the Persians in the 
seventh century, and finally it made its way into Europe four 
hundred years later. 

The origin of the European game is evidently Arabian, as 
the words ''check "and "mate," derived from stah mat, and 
the names of several of the pieces denote ; but it was introduced 
to the central and western part of the continent from different 
sources. Spain, it is assumed, received it from the Moslem 
conquerors ; Italy from the Byzantines. In either case it would 
naturally pass northward to France ; thence to Scandinavia 
and to England. 



CHESS. 



5 



On the other hand, it is claimed that the Crusaders brought 
chess into Europe, the knights having learned it at Constan- 
tinople. But the first theory is probably the more reliable, as 
this latter is dissipated by a quaint letter from Cardinal Dami- 
ano, Bishop of Ostia, to Pope Alexander II., written A. D. 
1061, which proved beyond question that the game was known 
in Italy at least prior to the first crusade. 

In this letter the cardinal repeats to the holy father the lan- 
guage he had used to the erring bishop, upon whom he had 
imposed a penance, on discovering that this prelate was divert- 
ing himself at chess. "Was it right and consistent with thy 
duty," he wrote, *'to sport away thy evenings amidst the vanity 
of chess, and defile the hand which offers up the body of the 
Lord, the tongue that mediates between God and man, with the 
pollution of a sacriligious game?" 

Times have changed ! Fancy any one callirrg chess " sacril- 
igious " in this day? 

The actual date of its introduction into England has never 
been proven, but that it was already in vogue in the twelfth 
century seems to be an established fact, as we have from an old 
writer the statement that at the coronation of Richard I., in 
1 189, six earls and barons carried a chessboard, with the royal 
insig:nia, to represent the said court." 

The chessboards were uncolored until the thirteenth century, 
when the checkered boards were first used in Europe. 

Of the evolution of chess from this period on, time and space 
do not permit of our discussing. The student of the game, 
however, will find it a delightful history, and one worthy of his 
attention. 

The English school of chess, it may be stated briefly, began 
at the opening of this century, and Sarratt was its first leader, 
followed by his famous pupil, W. Lewis. The skill of the lat- 
ter will be remembered through his writings, which proclaim 
him a wonderful and original chess analyst, rather than by his 
practical play. He died in 1 869. 

In 185 1, the first modern international tournament, which 
took place at London that year, marks the beginning of the 
present epoch, and was the pioneer, so to speak, of many 
similar contests between noted players of different nationalities. 

Paul Morphy, who beat Anderssen in the remarkable series of 
games at Paris in 1858, as will be seen by Mr. Chadwick's 
article, and according to other competent authorities tod, is 
considered the strongest chess player that ever lived. A 
native of New Orleans, he began to play when only a lad of 
ten (1847), and at twenty won the first prize in the New York 



6 



CHESS. 



congress, defeating there some of the ablest player?} among his 
countrymen, and a year later, played in England and Paris, 
with the same success. He returned to America in 1859, and 
here his career may be said to have ended ; for though he con- 
tinued to play, it was with decreasing interest, and in 1866, he 
abandoned it altogether. 

With this passing mention of our first and greatest exponent 
of the game, the sketch may end, for, regarding the champion 
players of the present day, and the best authorities for those 
who wish to make a serious study of this scientific pastima, 
Mr, Chadwick, in his able treatise on Chess, has given all the 
information needed. The Editor. 



CHESS IN AMERICA. 

"While the royal game of chess has been practically known in 
republican America for the past century, it was not until some 
thirty odd years ago that we Americans began to realize the 
fact that it was a game admirably suited to our ** calculating" 
and ** reckoning" people, and then we rushed into chess with 
characteristic impetuosity, and did not rest content until we had 
placed an American chess player on the pedestal of the world's 
championship in the game. Of course, this was accomplished 
under the excitement of a public chess furore, the period known 
as *'the Morphy era," being that which marked the permanent 
establishment of chess as one of our national indoor pastimes ; 
not one, however, which, like base ball, is ''native and to the 
manner born," but a game which no nationality can call its 
own, chess being cosmopolitan — the grand game of games of 
the entire civilized world. 

The history of chess in America maybe said to date from the 
time of the American philosopher, Benjamin Franklin, who 
was the first to bring the game into public notice in this coun- 
try ; and Franklin played chess in Philadelphia over a hundred 
years ago. His essay on the *' Morals of Chess" is a standing 
legacy, connected with the game, left to his countrymen. In 
1802 the first chess book published in America was printed in 
Philadelphia. It was in that city that Charles Vezin — the first 
foreign chess player of note to visit America — first found con- 
testants worthy of his skill ; but this was not until the period of 
the war of 1812. At that time the various chess openings — 
** gambits," etc — were almost unknown to American votaries of 
the game. The old Philadelphia Athenaeum was for years after 



CHKSS. 



7 



this period che chess centre of tlie Quaker City, chess being the 
only game countenanced by the Quakers, the veteran Vezin 
having a chess corner in the Athenaeum reading room, where the 
librarian, JNIcIllhenny, and afterwards Professor Vethake, used 
to indulge in a quiet game or two. 

The first regular chess club in America, however, was that 
which held its winter evening meetings in the old City Hall in 
Broadway, New York, near Trinity Church, and this old club 
was in active operation in 1801. Before this, however, a noted 
chess player named Louis Rou, had made the game known in 
New York, and during the last quarter of the eighteenth cen- 
tury chess gradually but surely came into vogue as a recreation 
for literateurs and men of studious habits. From the time of 
the Revolution up to 1826, chess may be said to have been a 
game known but to a choice few in America. 

In 1826 an event occurred which had a marked influence on 
the progress of chess in the United States and that was the 
arrival in America of the celebrated automaton chess player. 
The event of Maelzel with Von Kempolen's masterpiece of 
automatic work led to quite a stir in chess in the cities in which 
it was exhibited ; and it did more to give an impetus to the 
game than anything which occurred prior to the advent of Paul 
Morphy some thirty years afterward. In Europe scientific men 
had been puzzled by the automaton's apparently inexplicable 
powers. In America it equally astonished our people. One 
important result here was that it led us inquiring Yankees to 
investigate the game of chess, to examine into its special: 
merits, and to acquire a practical knowledge of its intricacies y 
by this means the votaries of the game in America were in- 
creased by hundreds. Chess books came into demand, and edi- 
tions of the chess works of Philader, Lewis and Cochrane had 
to be imported, and in a few instances foreign chess treatises 
were republished in this country ; thus did chess slowly but 
surely make its way in public favor in this country. But it 
was not until 185 1 that the first step was taken which event- 
ually led to the furore for chess in America which prevailed 
about thirty years ago, and which culminated in its permanent 
establishment as a naturalized institution of our land, and the 
game of all games best suited to the mental characteristics of 
the American people. 

When the great International Chess Congress of 1851 took 
place in England, and the doings of the noted players who took: 
part in the grand chess tournament that year held in London, : 
came to be talked about in America, the attention of AmeTicans' 
was more particularly called to the game, and then it was that 



s 



CHESS. 



our native ambition to excel in all things began to manifest 
itself. It was at this time that the brilliant advent of the yacht 
America in defeating the fastest English yachts in their own 
waters, had given an inspiration to the votaries of other sports 
in vogue in America at the time to ''go and do likewise," and 
American chess players began to ask themselves if it were not 
within the bounds of possibility to raise up a chess champion, 
able, at least, to give the European chess masters some trouble 
to beat him. At this period, though considerable attention was 
being given to chess in this country, no approach to the great 
popularity the game has since attained had been reached. 
Throughout the United States but one weekly paper published 
a chess column, and but one chess magazine was issued, the 
old Spirit of the Times of New York and Stanley's Chess Mag- 
azine being the only existing vehicles of chess news of the 
period. Some years after this, and when two international 
chess tourneys in Europe had settled the question as to whom 
were the leading chess players of the world, a movemxcnt was 
made in this country looking to the arrangement of an Amer- 
ican chess congress, and in 1857 the first meeting of American 
chess players in convention was held in New York, the result 
of which was the occurrence of a grand tournament, which 
brought to light the newly discovered star of the Western 
Hemisphere, which was afterwards seen with such brilliant 
lustre by the chess magnates of Europe. 

In this retrospective glance at the history of chess in Amer- 
ica, we are of necessity obliged to be very brief, as this chapter 
is only intended as an introduction to the work now presented 
to the American chess public. But not to dwell somewhat 
upon the period of Paul Morphy's short but brilliant career in 
the chess world, however, would be to slight the greatest epoch 
in American chess history. Our chess star was first discovered 
in the South by Herr Lowenthal in 1849 while on a visit to 
New Orleans, but it was left to the American Chess Congress 
of 1857 to develop the fact that this star was one of the first 
magnitude. Suffice it to state that after young Paul Morphy 
had won the highest prize in the American chess tournament of 
that year he visited Europe in 1858, and in the chess salons of 
London and Paris carried off the honors as the chess champion 
of the world. Morphy's brilliant achievements in Europe gave 
such an impetus to chess in America that a perfect furore for 
the game set in, and it continued until the grand old game 
became naturalized with us. Chess clubs sprang into existence 
by the dozen ; chess columns became a necessity with all 
weekly papers aiming at any aesthetic excellence or high social 



CHESS, 



9 



patronage. Of course the furore in due time subsided, but 
only to be succeeded by an established popularity which has 
made the game a household pastime througliout the American 
continent. 

Peculiarities of Chess Players. 

The personal characteristics of chess players is a theme 
which offers an excellent opportunity for interesting comment. 
One cannot visit any chess club, or join in with any private 
coterie of chess players, without having his attention called to 
the peculiar ways, in playing their games, which characterize 
the majority of the votaries of chess. Of course I do not refer 
to the mere moving of the pieces, or to the varied plans of at- 
tack and defense in the game, but simply to the players them- 
selves, as shown in their manner of playing chess. If ever 
there was a game calculated to bring into prominent view the 
idiosyncracies of individuals, it is chess. It shows up a man's 
prevailing characteristics at times so plainly that he who runs 
may read. The faults of human nature, as shown in conceit, 
selfishness, obstinacy, ill-temper and meanness, are brought 
out into prominence in playing the game, as strikingly as are 
the virtues of humility, generosity, good temper, and a chari- 
table consideration of your adversary's weak points. The 
amenities of social life, of course, have their influence in sup- 
pressing, to a certain extent, any conspicuous exhibition of 
one's faults ; but they do not altogether repress the tendency 
to show a man up in his true colors. In fact, in the eager de- 
sire for victory in a contest in which one's mental power is 
brought into play, and in a game in which the element of chance 
is entirely eliminated, a man is apt to exhibit his prominent 
traits of character very plainly at times. For instance, sup- 
pose you sit down to play a game with an opponent who has an 
immense idea of his own skill in chess strategy, and a propor- 
tionately small opinion of your ability as a player. The game 
progresses and by careful and skillful play your adversary is 
worsted in the encounter. Does the defeated antagonist ac- 
knowledge the fact that you have outwitted him in play, and 
generously award you due credit for superior skill ? Not a bit 
of it. On the contrary, his defeat is attributed to this, that or 
the other drawback he labored under in the contest, either in 
the form of such explanation as '*I don't feel right to-night, '' 
or I did not see that pawn behind your piece," or "This 
light bothers me," or I had the best of the game by all odds," 
etc., these flimsy excuses for being out-manoeuvered taking the 



lO 



CHESS. 



place of a candid acknowledgment of his having been neatly 
defeated. This last excuse, by the way, is a laughable one, 
for if he did have the best of the game" and then allowed 
himself to be beaten, all the more discredit to his play. Con- 
trast this selfish conduct in a contest with a generous and 
magnanimous foe. The latter, as he saw himself defeated by 
some pretty piece of stragetic play, would exclaim, ''Upon my 
word, that was neatly done, " **You have outplayed me very 
nicely," or again, don't mind being beaten by such fine 
play as that." Acknowledgments like these take the sting 
out of your defeat, besides enhancing tenfold the pleasure your 
adversary receives from his victory. But how rarely do we 
meet with such liberal opponents at chess ! Such adversaries 
are sadly in the minority. 

There is another phase illustrative of the illiberal methods 
in chess playing which is still more objectionable than any 
flimsy excuses for bad play, and that is the habit some players 
have of trying to irritate an opponent so as to cause him to lose 
his temper and with it his judgment. Such players will resort 
to little mean ways of one kind or another, well calculated to 
annoy an opponent, such as taking five or ten minutes to con- 
sider upon a move on th^ board which has but one possible 
direction in which it can be made. Also by making irritating 
comments on your opponent's plan of operations, or very im- 
patiently fidgeting about on his seat, etc. In fact, there are 
numberless ways in which this can be done wit/iout absolutely 
outraging common politeness. With such as these as adver- 
saries a game of chess becomes a disagreeable task rather than 
an enjoyable mental recreation. There are adversaries at 
chess, however, one occasionally meets with, who play the 
game in a manner that really makes it as much of a pleasure to 
sustain defeat at their hands as it is to win a dozen games from 
their opposites in their habits of play. But in a majority of in- 
stances I regret to say that the disagreeable prevails. It is a 
matter of regret that it should be so, especially in view of the 
fact that a little consideration for the feelings of a defeated ad- 
versary in a game like chess would make chess playing so much 
more enjoyable than it otherwise would be. The royal game is 
one which requires such a clear, cloudless atmosphere to play 
it in that any current of wind in the wrong direction upsets 
one's judgment, wrecks his calculations and disturbs the 
mental condition to such an extent that careful, skilful play is 
very difficult, if not impossible. It is a pity that chess clubs 
cannot well have special codes of rules of the amenities of 
chess playing hung up in their parlors, which should be as 



CHESS 



II 



Strictly enforced as are the regular playing rules of the game. 
At any rate, if this is something not within reach to be carried 
out to the letter, its spirit might be tacitly understood to be a 
club rule. In this connection let me say that it is difficult, if 
not impossible, to play chess enjoyably with the general class 
of opponents one meets with, unless the playing rules are 
strictly observed, especially the clauses which makes it impera- 
tive to move a touched piece, and which makes a move com- 
plete when the hand holding it is removed. The habit of 
allowing an opponent to take back a move made is one full of 
opportunities for petty annoyances in one shape or another, 
which present temptations to draw out disagreeable character- 
istics of dispositions which might otherwise lie dormant. 

How to Learn to Play Chess- 

The first lesson in learning to play chess embraces the knowl- 
edge of the names and moves of the pieces, and this comprises 
a chapter in itself. It is absolutely necessary that the student 
should first become quite familiar with the names and moves of 
each piece on the board before proceeding to make any attempt 
to play the game. This is the A B C of chess, and after the 
alphabet comes the forming of words from the letters, or learn- 
ing how to make the pieces in proper combination. 

The Pieces. 

There are thirty-two pieces used in the game of chess, six- 
teen of which are white in color and sixteen black. These six- 
teen pieces on each side are divided into eight "pieces" and 
eight ''pawns," the latter all being alike. The eight pieces, 
however, vary in form materially, as five of the eight are each 
distinct in their form, viz., the kingy the queen^ the castle^ the 
bishop and the knight^ there being ''two of a kind" of the last 
three, viz., two castles^ two bishops and two knights on each 
side, these exceptional pieces belonging respectively to the 
king and queen ; thus, there are on the right side of the king 
the king's bishop, the king's knight and the king's castle or 
rook ; and on the left side of the queen there are, of course, the 
queen's bishop, the queen's knight and the queen's castle or 
rook. Then, too, each of the eight pawns has a separate name ; 
thus, the pawn which stands in front of the king is known as 
the king's pawn ; that in front of the queen as the queen's 
pawn, and so with the bishop, knight and castle, each piece 
having its own separately named pawn. Here is a diagram 
illustrating the regular position of the thirty-two pieces on the 
board when the game is about to be begun : 



12 



CHESS. 



BLACK. 




The Moves of the Pieces. 

The king is the most important piece on the chessboard, 
as it is the only piece which cannot be talcen or captured. 
The king's powers are limited to that of moving to one 
square on each side of his position, 
as shown in the accompanying dia- 
gram. 

To the extent of moving one 
square, the king can move just as 
the castles and bishops do, the 
castle to the right or left or in 
front or back of its position, and 
the bishop diagonally only. In this 
respect the king has not the extent 
of territory for moving that Her 
Majesty the Queen " has, inasmuch 
as the queen can make any number 
of squares — either squarely take the 
castles, or diagonally, like the 
bishops, the queen being the most powerful piece, in moving, there 




THE king's move. 



CHESS. 



13 



is on the board. There is one move, however, which the queen 
cannot make, and that one is the peculiar move of the knight. 

The king is not "monarch of all he surveys," though he 
cannot be captured, but he is liable to be placed in two posi- 
tions by his opponents, the result of one of which is the loss of 
the game, and of the other a drawn game. The king is open 
to the attack of any opposing piece, the same as any other 
piece ; but when he is attacked his adversary must always call 
out '* check." Of course, this call is not required when any 
other piece is attacked. When "check" is called the king 
must either take the piece which attacks it, move out of check, 
or, if the attack be made either by the queen, a castle or a 
bishop, interpose a piece or pawn between itself and the attack- 
iifg piece ; and if none of these three moves can be made, 
*' checkmate" occurs, and that ends the game. Here is an illus- 
tration of what is known as scholar's mate, or a checkmate on 
three moves from the commencement of the game. 

Scholar's Mate. 

BLACK. 




WHITE. 



BLACK. 

1 P— K B 3 

2 P— K K 4 



14 



CHESS. 



It will be seen by the above diagram that each side having 
made two moves — White always opening the game — it becomes 
White's turn to play, and White's third move is that of the 
queen to queen's rook's fifth square, giving check to Black's 
king. The latter's being unable either to take the queen, inter- 
pose a piece to stop the check, or move out of the way of the 
attack, the result is checkmate, '^^-White thereby winning the 
game then and there in three moves from the opening of the game. 

There is another form of mate in the game, known as Stale- 
mate," the result of which is a drawn game, and this occurs 
when the king — not being in check at the time — is so situated 
that it can neither move without going into check, nor is it 
possible to move any other piece it has on the board. Of 
course, such a position is the result of very careless play on the 
part of the players having the better advantage of position, as 
also skilful play by the contestant, who is at a disadvantage, 
and plays so well as to get out of an almost certain defeat by 
ensuring a drawn game by the stalemate. Here is a diagram 
illustrating the position of Stalemate." 

Stalemate. 

BLACK. 




WHITE. 
1 K 6 ; Stalemate. 



CHESS. 



15 



It will be seen that the solitary Black king is so situated that 
he has but one point of escape, and that is by a move to his 
queen's second square. But it is not the king's turn to move, 
and as his adversary moves his king's pawn to its sixth square, 
the Black king is thereby prevented from crossing, and " Stale^ 
mate " is the exultant call of the player handling the black 
pieces. 



The Queen's Mates. 




The queen is privileged to 
move more than the king does. 
Here is a diagram illustrating the 
moves of the queen, her power 
extending to the limits of the 
whole board, only a few squares 
being used in each of these ex- 
planatory diagrams, showing the 
names of each piece on the board. 
It will be seen that the queen 
cannot only move as the king 
does, but in addition, can move 



like the castles and bishops^ or squarely or diagonally 



The Castle or Rook's Move. 




move as the king, queen 
shown in the following diagrams: 



The castle can move squarely to 
the right or the left or forward or 
backward, as shown in the accom- 
panying diagram. 

The Bishop's Moves. 

There are two bishops, each on 
different squares, the one moving 
on the white squares, and the other 
on the black. Neither bishop can 
or castle do, but only diagonally, as 



l6 CHESS. 





The 
moves, 



The Knight's Move. 

We now come to 
an exceptional piece 
in the game, viz., 
the knight, which 
moves as no other 
piece on the board 
does, and it is the 
only one which can 
jump over other 
pieces. There are 
two knights, which, 
unlike the bishops, 
are not confined to 
one color in mov- 
ing from square to 
square. The dia- 
gram shows the ex- 
ceptional moves of 
the knight. 

diagram below shows how the knight, by its peculiar 
can jump over the heads of pieces. 





CHESS. 



17 



The knight jumps from White to Black, or Black to White, 
two squares at a time, as shown in the above diagram. 

The Pawn's Moves. 

The pawns, like the knights, 
have exceptional moves differing 
from all of the other pieces, 
as they do not take pieces like 
the king and castles do, but 
take them sideways, while they 
can only move directly forward 
one square at a time, except 
when they start to move, when 
it is optional for them to move 
forward either one or two 
squares; but after their first 
move they can only move one 
square at a time. Their tak- 
ing moves one to the right or 
left, but never forward. They 
move like the bishops when they take, and like the castles 
when they move forward. Here is the diagram sho^ving the 
moves of the pawns. 

There is one peculiarity of the move of the pawns, and that 
is, that when they reach their eighth square they can be trans- 
formed into queens, castles, bishops or knights, but not the 
kings, nor can they remain pawns. 

The young student should become quite familiar with the 
names of the pieces, as also with the technical terms of the 
game audits code of playing rules or "laws of the game," 
before he attempts to play games, and when he is, it is then 
timely for him to accept odds from good players, and play as 
often as he can. After a few experiments of this kind he 
should then begin to study the openirigs and play over the 
games of the greater masters of chess. 

Chess Puzzles. 

We give below several chess puzzles for-the purpose of assist- 
ing the novice to learn the various moves of the pieces. They 
are set up on a small portion of the full squares of the chess 
board. They will aid the young student in learning to realize 
the moves in a game, by affording him an opportunity to make 




l8 



CHESS. 




the moves of each diagram without Using the pieces on the 
board. Here is an easy puzzle show- 
ing the powers of the knight. The 
problem is to move the black knight 
so as to capture every white piece 
surrounding the king, one after the ^ 
other, without moving illegally. 

The solution is for the black knight 

to take the white bishop ; then the W^^^^M, ^^^^^ 
upper castle ; next the lower knight, 
then the pawn on the right ; next the ^ 
knight on the side ; then the lower fHfl^ ^ 
castle, and lastly the upper centre 
pawn, then moving to every square next to the king, a feat only 
the queen can do, moving legally. 

This diagram is a very interest- 
ing little chess puzzle, which will 
thoroughly test the student's abil- 
ity in analytical study to discover 
how it is done without using the 
board and pieces. The puzzle is 
to move the five pieces — the 
pawns are immovable — so that 
the king can reach the corner 
square, left vacant, without mov- 
ing on the centre square. All the 
pieces must be moved legally. 




Here is a little puz- 
zle showing the move 
of the castle or rook. 
On the sixteen squares 
of the board the puzzle 
is for the rook, moving 
but one square at a time, 
to move to each square 
on the board but once 
and on the last move 
land on the lower right 
hand corner square. 
For the first move the 
rook moves either east 
or south and for its sec- 
ond move it goes back 
again to the corner square for the first time. The rest is simple. 




CHESS. 



19 



Another and more intricate puzzle is the following, in which 
the white king is required to force mate without moving the 
castle but once, and that is when the mating move is made. 

BLACK. 




WHITE. 



The solution is accomplished by forced play in fifteen moves. 

TECHNICAL TERMS IN CHESS. 

The following explanation of the technical terms used in 
chess will be found in itself an interesting and instructive 
chapter for young novices. The terms used are given in 
alphabetical order. 

Attack — The player beginning the game is said to have the 
attack." 

Book Openings — A series of regular openings have been es- 
tablished, aiming to give the best lines of attack and defense 
in the early stages of the game, or so far as analysis and the 
experience of practical play can reasonably venture to offer 
such guides. The word opening " applies to the early series 
of m'oves in a game, and distinguishing names have been given 
to over one hundred different methods of inaugurating a con- 



20 



CHESS, 



test, such as : ** Giuoco Piano," *'Ruy Lopez," "Evans Gam- 
bit," *' Scotch Gambit," ''Greco Counter Gambit," "French 
Defense," etc. These are technically termed the "book 
openings," and are limited to a short series of opening moves 
known as the "gambits." 

Check — This is the term used when a piece or a pawn attacks 
the opposing king. 

Checkmate — This is the term used when the finishing move 
is made in a game, and it applies in the case of the king at- 
tacked being so situated that he can neither move out of check, 
interpose a piece between the attacking piece and himself, or 

Check by Discovery — 
This term applies to the 
position of an attack being 
made on the opposing 
king by the moving of a 
piece or pawn in front of 
the attacking piece. An 
illustration of the move 
is shown herewith. 

Choice of Color — Staun- 
ton in his "Chess Praxis," 
says: "The right of 
making the first move, 
and of choosing the color 
of the men must be de- 
cided by lot." The white 
men are almost invariably 
selected by the player 
winning the toss. 
Castling — The act of making the move — a double one — known 
as " Castling," can only be done on®e on each side in a game. 
In, order to castle, the king must not have been previously 
moved, nor the castle on the side he castles on. Nor can the 
king castle while in check, or if, in castling, he passes a line 
of attack ; and, also, not unless the squares are vacant between 
the king and the castle on the side on which he intends to castle. 

Counting Fifty Moves — Staunton, in his "Chess Praxis," says: 
"If at any period of a game one player should persist in repeat- 
ing a particular check, or series of checks, or the same line of 
play, his adversary can demand that the game shall be limited 
to fifty additional moves on each side ; and if within that limit 
neither party won, the game must terminate as drawn." 'The 
conditions under which this rule applies are as follows : When 
one player has only — 



take the piece which checks him. 




The pawn moves forward, exposing 
check from the bishop. 



CHESS. 



21 



A King and Queen 
A " Rook 
A " " Bishop 
A " " Knight 



Against a superior force. 



Coimter Gambit — This term applies in the case of an opening 
being made in which the second player makes the sacrifice. 
(See Gambit.") 

De fense — This 
term applies to the 
moves made by the 
second player in a 
game, who selects 
to play a special line 
of operations in re- 
ply to the attacking 
side. 

Double Check — - 
This position occurs 
when the king is 
subjected to two 
special attacks at 
once. The position 
is shown in the ap- 
pended diagram. 




The inove of the knight to the square next the 
king checks the king by the knight's 
move, and also by opening up a check 
from the rook at the same time. 



Doubled Pawn. — This position occurs when 
two pawns, of the same color, are on the same 
file, as shown in diagram. Of course, the result 
is a weaker position than when the pawns are 
on adjoining files. 

Drawn Games. — The position of a drawn 
game occurs when neither contestant can check- 
mate his adversary, such as in the case of per- 
petual check, or of "stalemate," both of which 
positions, are shown in the following diagram. 

If Black advances the pawn to queen's knight's eighth 
square, making it a queen, and White captures it with the 
the castle, then the Black king, being unable to move 
without going into check, is stalemated. In regard to 
the perpetual check diagram. White, by repetition of 
checks by the bishop's seventh square and at the knight's 
sixth, gives perpetual check. Also in the case of both 
players persisting in making the same moves •, also when, 
in the case of counting fifty moves without a resulting 
mate, and lastl^^ when the losses are equal on each side, 
as king and queen, king and rook, king and bishop, etc, 






STALEMATE. PERPETUAL CHECK. 




En Passante'' — Another French term, applicable to a spe- 
cial move of the pawns, as shown in the following diagram : 




CHESS. 



23 



\Yhite hnving the move places pawn on the queen's fourth square, there- 
by giving Black's pawn on king's fifth square the opportunity of taking it as 
it passes the point of attack. But it is optional with Black to take the pawn 
or not; if Black does take k the move is made in passing, or ca passant. 
Of course, Black is not obliged to take the pawn In passing, unless there is no 
other move at command on the board, 

En PrisJ*^ — A French term used when an opposing piece is 
attacked. It means that the piece en pris is exposed to 
captu<re." 

False Move. — This term applies to all illegal moves, such as 
moving a knight from white to white two squares ; or moving 
a bishop as a rook moves, etc. The penalty for a false move, 
according to Staunton's Praxis," is, '^the forfeit as his turn 
to play, or his moving any other piece which his adversary 
may select to be moved." 

File, — The "rank and file" of the pieces on the board are as 
follows : 

''RANK." ♦^FILE." 




It will be seen that the White king can only move to the black square ad- 
joining his partner. 

Forced Move. — A forced move occurs when the player has 
but one move at his disposal, as shown in the above dia- 
gram. 



24 



CHESS. 



Gambit. — This is an Italian word, meaning to trip up as 
in wrestling, and it applies to those openings in chess in which 
the first player voluntarily gives up a piece or pawn — usually 
the latter — for the purpose of acquiring a quicker attack in the 
development of his pieces. (See Counter-Gambit.) 

Isolated Pawn — When a 
pawn stands alone on its 
file unsupported by other 
pawns, it is isolated. In 
the accompanying d i a - 
gram it will be seen that 
the king's bishop's pawn 
is "isolated." 

J'adoube — T his is a 
French term, meaning '*I 
adopt." It is a term ased 
to save the player from 
the penalty of touching a 
move without moving it. 
But it can only be brought 
to bear when the piece 
touched is temporarily out 
of its position. 

Minor Pieces — All pieces 
on the board are "minor 
pieces," except the king, 
queen and the castle. 

Passed Patvns — A pawn 
is said to be "passed" 
when there is no adverse 
pawn in position to prevent its march to its eighth square, 
when it can become a queen, etc. 

Perpetual Check — See "Drawn Games." 

Queening a Pawn — This occurs when a pawn reaches its 
eighth square, when it can be transformed into any other pie'.e 
on or off the board, such as a queen, rook, bishop or knight; 
but it cannot remain a pawn. Steinitz contends that the pawn 
reaching the eighth square can remain a pawn at the option 
of the player moving it. But Staunton, in his "Chess Praxis," 
limits the power of the pawn reaching the eighth square to its 
being changed to a piece only, and he claims that it cannot 
remain a pawn. The American Congress rule is, that the 
moment a pawn reaches its eighth square it must be exchanged 
for either a queen, ^ rook, a bishop or a knight, and cannot 
remain a pawn. 




WHITE. 



CHESS. 



25 



Rank — See ''File." 

Right of Move — The right of having the first move alter- 
nates, except in the case of an annulled game. 

Sf?iot/iered J\/ate — This is an exceptional method of check- 
mating with the knight, and it is illustrated in the appended 
diagram, a position known as " Philidor's Legacy." 

SMOTHERED >rATE. 

DLACK. 




Here are the moves to be made : 



1 Q to Q 5 (ch) 

2 Kt to B 7 (ch) 

3 Kt to R 6 (double ch) 

4 Q to Kt 8 (ch) 

5 Kt to B 7 mate 



BLACK. 

X K to R sq 

2 K to Kt sq 

3 K to R sq 

4 R takes (J 



Stalemate — This position occurs when the king, not being in 
check, can neither make a move without going into check, and 
at the same time has no other piece on the board it can move. 
Here is an illustration which occurred in actual play on the 



26 



CHESS. 



occasion of the Chess Congress tourney of 1880, in New York, 
in which General Congdon, in playing with E. Delniar, got out 
of a defeat through the thoughtless play of his adversary. The 
stalemate which Mr. Delmar allowed General Congdon to ob- 
tain threw the former out of all chances for a prize, greatly to 
his chagrin. The position when Delmar moved his queen to Q 
B 6 was as follows : 



WHITE (General Congdon). 



























■ i 












































P 















BLACK (Mr. Delmar). 
White moves Queen to KKt 8, check and stalemate. 
\t will be seen that the white king cannot move without going into check, 
while the only other white piece on the board is the queen. It is White's 
move, and by checking Black's king, White obliges the latter to take the 
queen, with the result of "stalemate " and a drawn game. 



THE STUDY OF CHESS PROBLEMS. 

Nothing aids a young chess-player in acquiring the art of 
mental analysis of the moves in the game, more than the solving 
of chess problems from printed diagrams, by which he is forced 
to make the moves, in studying out the solution, mentally, and 
without the assistance he would derive from moving the pieces 



CHESS. 



27 



placed on the board. By making imaginary moves in studying 
the position from the diagram, he is obliged to analyze every 
position involved in the problem, and therein lies the value of 
the study. Besides benefiting by this valuable practice in 
analysis, he also derives an advantage for actual play in match 
games, and by remembering the intricate positions of the 
prgblems he will frequently find fitting opportunities for bring- 
ing the positions into active operation in a game. By way of 
illustration, we give below several comparatively easy problems, 
in which white forces checkmate in two moves. Every problem 
should be solved from the diagram, without the use of the 
board or pieces. In all these problems wdiite moves first. 



Problem No. i. 

BLACK. 



WHITE. 

White to play and mate in two moves. 

The young student should endeavor to solve each problem 
before reading the appended explanatory paragraph. 

It will be seen that the black king has two moves at com- 
mand — viz., on each of the black squares adjoining the corner 



28 



CHESS. 



square where he stands, By moving the white king to the black 
square on his left, the black king is given check by discovery 
by the white bishop, and he is -thereby forced to move to the 
black square on his left. By moving the white pawn forward 
the black king is again checked by discovery, this time by the 
bishop on the black square ; and as the pawn prevents the king 
moving to the white square on his left, the result is checkmate. 
The above little problem illustrates check by discovery very 
neatly. 

Problem No. 2. 



BLACK. 




WHITE. 

White to play and mate in two moves. 

In the above problem it will be seen that the black king in 
the corner has but one move, and were the -knight to be moved 
next to the king, so as to command the two black squares in 
the corner, the result would be stalemate " and a drawn game. 
By checking with the bishop first, and obliging the king to 
move to the black square, the knight is given the opportunity 
to mate by the check following the bishop's check. 



CHESS. 



Problem No. 3. 



BLACK. 




WHITE. 

White to play and mate in two moves. 

The above problem is a little intricate for a novice, and it 
requires more attentive study than the preceding problems. 
As the pieces stand it will be seen that the black king has but 
three moves at command, the one is to move his pawn checking 
white king, and the other is to move to king's bishop's third, 
in addition to which there is his bishop's move. If the white 
queen checks at queen's knight's second, the black king can in- 
terpose his bishop or move to his queen's third. If the bishop 
be interposed the white queen mates at king's bishop's second ; 
if the black king moves to his queen's third, the white queen 
mates at king's bishop's second. 

Here is another problem of the same class: 



30 CHESS, 

Problem No. 4, 



BLACK. 




WHITE. 



White to play and mate in two moves. 

The player, in solving the above problem, should first ascer- 
tain what moves the black king has at command, and a glance 
will show him that, as the pieces stand, the king has but one 
move he can make, and that is his queen's bishop's pawn. It 
is, however, white's move, and he must so move as to make the 
move of black's pawn imperative. To do this he mentally 
moves his queen to white king's seventh square, and he thereby 
obliges black to move the pawn. He then moves his queen to 
the black square next to the white king on the right, and gives 
mate on the move. 

We now present a series of two-move problems by the author, 
which will prove rather more puzzling than the preceding ones. 



I'ROBLKM No. 9. hV H. CTIADWICK. 




White to play and mate in two. 
(The above problem shows the strength of the knights.— Author.) 



Problem No. ii. by h. chadwick. 




White to play and mate in two. 



Problem No. 13. bv h. chadwick. 







WM 














w 






















w 






























^^^^^ 































White to play and mate in two. 

Problem No. 14. by h. chadwick. 







I 








w 




^^^^^ 






























^^^^^ 

















































White to play and mate in two. 



Problem No. 15. by h. chadwick. 




White to play and mate in two. 

Problem No. 16. by h. chadwick. 




White to play and mate in two. 



CllKsS. 



37 



Nearly all of llic preceding series of prol)lems illustrate the 
remarkable powers of the knights in coml)inations. The fol- 
lowing problem illustrates one ot the tricks in problem making. 
We leave the novice to discover the hidden trick. It illustrates 
a special movement made in nearly every game played. 
Problem No. 17. 




White to play and mate in two. 



The following is the report in brief of the simultaneous game 
tourney, played at the rooms of the Manhattan Chess Club, on 
P^ourteenth Street, New York, in the early eighties, in which 
the late Captain Mackenzie played single-handed against twenty 
opponents, including some of the most prominent experts of 
the Metropolitan Chess Clubs. The report says : 

Twenty tables were placed in the form of a square, with as 
many players sitting at them on the outside, while inside the 
square the Captain walked from one table to the other, and as 
he came to each table its cccupant had to be ready to play the 
moment he reached it. He began with the move, and, of 
course, had the choice of the gambit in the attack. The con- 
test began at 8:30 P. M. and finished at midnight, with the re- 
sult of the success of the champion in winning seventeen out of 
the twenty games, the other three being won by Mr, Ward, of 



38 



CHESS. 



the Manhattan Club; Mr. Bennett, of the Syracuse Club, and 
Mr. Chadwick, of the Danites Club, of Brooklyn. It was the 
second victory of the latter over the Captain in the same class 
of contests. The opening moves of the contest w^on by Mr, 
Chadwick were as follows : 



WHITE— Captain Mackenzie. 

1 Pto K4 

2 Kt to Q B 3 

3 P to K B 4 
4KttoKB3 

5 P to K 5 

6 B to Q B 4 

7 Q P X B 

8 Castles 

9 Kt to Q 4 

10 P X P (en passant) 

11 R to K sq (check) 
32 K to R sq 

13 Q to Q 2 

14 Q to K B2 

15 B to Q Kt 3 



BLACK—Mr. Chadwick. 
1 P to K 4 
2PtoQB3 
3PxP 
4Pto K Kt4 
5 B to Q Kt5 
6BxKt 

7 P to K R 4 

8 Q to K 2 

9 P to Q 4 

10 Q x P 

11 Kt to K 2 

12 B to K Kt 5 

13 Kt to Q 2 

14 Kt to K 4 

15 Castles on Queen's side. 



The Captain resigned on the thirty-fifth move, his opponent 
having retained the advantage of the gambit pawn to the last. 

The following is the diagram showing the position of the 
places at the end of the fifteenth move. The question is, 
which should have won the game ? 

BLACK— Mr. Chadwick. 




WHITE— Captain Mackenzie. 
White to playt Who should win ? 



CHESS. 



39 



THE RULES OF THE GAME. 

The Primary Rules. 

The rules governing American chess players are those of The 
Chess Association of the United States, adopted at the Chess 
Congress, held in New York in 1880, and slightly amended in 
189 . 

THE CHESS BOARD AND MEN. 

The chess board must be placed with a white square at the 
right-hand corner. 

If the chess board be wrongly placed, it can 'not be changed 
during the game in progress after a move shall have been made 
by each player, provided the men were correctly placed upon 
the board at the beginning^?'. the queens upon their own 
colors. 

A deficiency in number or a displacement of the men at the 
beginning of the game, when discovered, annuls the game. 

FIRST MOVE AND COLOR. 

The right of first move must be determined by lot. 
The player having the first move must always play with the 
white men. 

The right of first move shall alternate whether the game be 
won, lost or drawn. 

The game is legally begun when each player shall have made 
his first move. 

TOUCH MAN MOVE. 

A player touching one of his men when it is his turn to play 
must move it. If it can not be moved, he must move his king. 
If the king can not move no penalty can be enforced. 

HANDS OFF MOVE MADE. 

While the hand remains upon a man it may be moved to any 
square that it commands, except such squares as may have been 
touched by it during the deliberation on the move ; but if all 
the squares which it commands have been so touched, then the 



40 



CHESS. 



man must be played to such of the squares as the adversary 
may elect. 

[Amateur chess players have, in general, a very bad habit of ignoring 
some of the rules of the game — such as those which require a piece to be 
moved if touched, and if moved, and the hand taken off, the move to be con- 
sidered made. They consider this too stringent, and play the game in a 
loose way, allowing their adversaries such advantages as to make the con- 
test anything but a trial of skill. In every instance the rules of the game 
should be strictly enforced.— Author ] 

j'adoube." 

•* J'adoube,'* '*I adjust," or words to that effect, can not 
protect a player from any of the penalties imposed by these 
laws, unless the man or men touched obviously need adjustment, 
and unless such notification be distinctly uttered before the 
man or men be touched, and only the player whose turn it is 
to move is allowed so to adjust. 

The hand having once quitted the man, but for an instant^ 
the move must stand. 

Men overturned or displaced accidentally may be replaced 
by either player without notice. 

A wilful displacement or overturning of any of the men for- 
feits the game. 

CASTLING. 

The king can be castled only when neither the king nor the 
castling rook have been moved, and where the king is not in 
check and where all the squares between the king and rook are 
unoccupied, and where no hostile man attacks the square on 
which the king is placed or the square he crosses. 

In castling the king must be first moved. 

The penalty of moving the king prohibits castling. 

CHECK. 

A player falsely announcing "check" must retract the move 
upon which the announcement was based and make some other 
move, or the move made must stand, at the option of the 
opponent. 

No penalty can be enforced for any offence committed 
against these rules in consequence of a false announcement of 

check," nor in consequence of the omission of such announce- 
ment, when legal ' <■ check " be given. 

EN PASSANT. 

Taking the pawn en passant when the only possible move, is 
compulsory. 



CHESS. 



QUEENING THE PAWN. 

A pawn reaching the eighth square, must be at once ex- 
changed for any piece (except the king) that the player of the 
pawn may elect. 

STALEMATE. 

A stalemate is a drawn game. 

ERRORS. 

If, during the course of the game, it be discovered that any 
error or illegality has been committed, the moves must be re- 
traced, and the necessary correction made, without penalty. 
If the moves cannot be correctly retraced, the game must be 
annulled. 

If a man be dropped from the board and moves made during 
its absence, such moves must be retraced and the man restored. 
If this cannot be done to the satisfaction of the umpire the 
game must be annulled. 

COUNTING FIFTY MOVES. 

If, at any period during a game, either player persist in 
repeating a particular check or series of checks, or persist in 
repeating any particular line of play which does not advance 
the game; or if a game-ending " be of doubtful character as 
to its being a win or a draw ; or if a win be possible, but the 
skill to force the game questionable, than either player may 
demand judgment of the umpire as to its being a proper game 
to be determined as drawn at the end of fifty additional moves 
on each side : or the question, ''Is or is not the game a draw?" 
may be, by mutual consent of the players, submitted to the 
umpire at any time. The decision of the umpire in either case 
to be final. 

And whenever fifty moves are demanded and accorded, the 
party demanding it may, when the fifty moves have been made, 
claim the right to go on with the game, and thereupon the other 
party may claim the fifty-move rule, at the end of which, unless 
mate be affected, the game shall be decided a draw. 

PENALTIES. 

Penalties can be enforced only at the time an offence is com_- 
mitted, and before any move is made thereafter. 

For playing two moves in succession, the adversary may 
elect which move shall stand. 

For touching an adversary's man when it cannot be captured, 
the offender must move his king. If the king cannot move, 



42 



CHESS. 



no other penalty can be enforced. But if the man touched can 
be legally taken, it must be captured. 

For playing a man to a square to which it cannot be legally 
moved, the adversary, at his option, may require him to move 
the man legally, or to move the king. 

For illegally capturing an adversary's man. the offender must 
move his king or legally capture the man, as his opponent may 
elect. 

For attempting to castle illegally, the player doing so must 
have either a king or a rook, as his adversary may dictate. 

For touching more than one of the player's own men, he 
must move either man that his opponent may name. 

For touching more than one of his adversary's men, the 
offender must capture the one named by his opponent, or, if 
either cannot be captured, he may be required to move the 
king, or capture the man which can be taken, at the adversary's 
option; or if neither can be captured, then the king must be 
moved. 

A player moving into check may be required by the opposing 
player either to move the king elsewhere, or replace the king 
and make some other move — but such other move shall not be 
selected by the player imposing the penalty. 

For discovering check on his own king, the player must 
either legally move the man touched or move the king, at his 
adversary's option. In case neither move can be made, there 
shall be no penalty. 

While in check, for touching or moving a man which does 
not cover the check, the player may be required to cover with 
another piece, or move the king, as the opposing player may 
elect. 

When the word <*move" is used, it is understood to mean a 
legal move, or a move to be legally made according to these laws. 

When the word "man" or "men" is used, it is understood 
that it embraces both pieces and pawns. 

RULES FOR PLAYING THE GAME AT ODDS. 

1. In games where one player gives the odds of a piece, or 
•'the exchange," or allows the opponent to count drawn games 
as won, or agrees to checkmate with a particular man, or on a 
particular square, he has the right to choose the men and to 
move first, unless an arrangement to the contrary is agreed to 
between the combatants. 

2. When the odds of pawn and one move, or pawn and more 
than one move are given, the pawn given must be the king's 
bishop's pawn, when not otherwise previously agreed on. 



CHESS. 



43 



3. When a player gives the odds of his king's or queen's 
rook, he must not castle (or, more properly speaking, leap his 
king) on the side from which the rook is removed, unless before 
commencing the game or match he stipulates to have the privi- 
lege of so doing. 

4. When a player undertakes to give checkmate with one of 
his pawns, or with a particular pawn, the said pawn must r\ot 
be converted into a piece. 

5. When a player accepts the odds of two or more moves, he 
must not play any man beyond the fourth square, i. e., he must 
not cross the middle line of the board, before his adversary 
makes his first move. Such several moves are to be collectively 
considered as the first move of the player accepting the odds. 

6. In the odds of checkmating on a particular square it must 
be the square occupied by the king mated, not by the man giv- 
ing mate, 

7. The player who undertakes to win in a particular manner, 
and cither draws the game or wins in some other manner, must 
be adjudged to be the loser 

In all other respects the play in games at odds must be gov- 
erned by the regulations before laid down. 



[The most elaborate and complete code of rules governing the 
playing of chess is to be found in Staunton's C/iess Praxis/' 
published in London in 1883. In that code every law of the 
game is fully explained, alike for novices and experts, the code 

laws occupying sixty-six pages of the book. — Author.] 



42 



CHESS. 



no other penalty can be enforced. But if the man touched can 
be legally taken, it must be captured. 

For playing a man to a square to which it cannot be legally 
moved, the adversary, at his option, may require him to move 
the man legally, or to move the king. 

For illegally capturing an adversary's man. the offender must 
move his king or legally capture the man, as his opponent may 
elect. 

For attempting to castle illegally, the player doing so must 
have either a king or a rook, as his adversary may dictate. 

For touching more than one of the player's own men, he 
must move either man that his opponent may name. 

For touching more than one of his adversary's men, the 
offender must capture the one named by his opponent, or, if 
either cannot be captured, he may be required to move the 
king, or capture the man which can be taken, at the adversary's 
option; or if neither can be captured, then the king must be 
moved. 

A player moving into check may be required by the opposing 
player either to move the king elsewhere, or replace the king 
and make some other move — but such other move shall not be 
selected by the player imposing the penalty. 

For discovering check on his own king, the player must 
either legally move the man touched or move the king, at his 
adversary's option. In case neither move can be made, there 
shall be no penalty. 

While in check, for touching or moving a man which does 
not cover the check, the player may be required to cover with 
another piece, or move the king, as the opposing player may 
elect. 

When the word <'move" is used, it is understood to mean a 
legal move, or a move to be legally made according to these laws. 

When the word "man" or "men" is used, it is understood 
that it embraces both pieces and pawns. 

RULES FOR PLAYING THE GAME AT ODDS. 

1. In games where one player gives the odds of a piece, or 
*'the exchange," or allows the opponent to count drawn games 
as won, or agrees to checkmate with a particular man, or on a 
particular square, he has the right to choose the men and to 
move first, unless an arrangement to the contrary is agreed to 
between the combatants. 

2. When the odds of pawn and one move, or pawn and more 
than one move are given, the pawn given must be the king's 
bishop's pawn, when not otherwise previously agreed on. 



CHESS. 



43 



3. When a player gives the odds of his king's or queen's 
rook, he must not castle (or, more properly speaking, leap his 
king) on the side from which the rook is removed, unless before 
commencing the game or match he stipulates to have the privi- 
lege of so doing. 

4. When a player undertakes to give checkmate with one of 
his pawns, or with a particular pawn, the said pawn must not 
be converted into a piece. 

5. When a player accepts the odds of two or more moves, he 
must not play any man beyond the fourth square, i. e., he must 
not cross the middle line of the board, before his adversary 
makes his first move. Such several moves are to be collectively 
considered as the first move of the player accepting the odds. 

6. In the odds of checkmating on a particular square it must 
be the square occupied by the king mated, not by the man giv- 
ing matCo 

7. The player who undertakes to win in a particular manner, 
and cither draws the game or wins in some other manner, must 
be adjudged to be the loser 

In all other respects the play in games at odds must be gov- 
erned by the regulations before laid down. 



[The most elaborate and complete code of rules governing the 
playing of chess is to be found in Staunton's Chess Praxis,'" 
published in London in 1883. In that code every law of the 
game is fully explained, alike for novices and experts, the code 

laws occupying sixty-six pages of the book, — Author.] 



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